The ancient engineering development of water resources has evolved into modern water resources management ( Huitema et al. With the global degradation of ecological catchment systems, humans’ attitude towards water issues has changed from ignoring to active governance ( Motesharrei et al. After thousands of years of flood control, irrigation, and navigation, modern society with large populations and a high intensity of urbanization has been faced with new challenges, namely large-scale water supply, water pollution, and ecological protection ( Varis and Vakkilainen 2001). Water governance in human society has undergone a long evolution. Such governance involves water management institutions, such as government administration structures, market mechanisms, and public participation, setting up water policies and making water-related decisions. Water governance refers to the whole enabling environment in which water management actions take place to promote efficient water allocation and use, prevent and control water disasters, and ensure sustainability. Numerous problems with water resources make water governance a major issue concerning human survival and social stability ( Rogers and Hall 2003 Tortajada 2010). The exploitation and use of water by human beings have broken the natural water cycle, and in some areas, water use exceeds the carrying capacity of water resources, leading to many pressures on water resources, such as scarcity, pollution, and extreme weather disasters ( Cosgrove and Rijsberman 2014). On the one hand, the spatiotemporal nonuniformity and mobility of water resources make it more difficult to manage on the other hand, water is a common-pool resource with externalities, and the “tragedy of the commons” may occur for water resources without appropriate governance ( Ostrom 1990).
The unique properties of water in natural and social systems make the governance of water resources different from that of other resources ( Wang et al. Water is one of the most important components connecting nature and society, being involved in water resources, water disasters, water environment, and water ecology. In particular, over the last 70 years, China’s water governance has experienced fundamental changes, which can be grouped into four stages: (1) engineering development and project management underlying national and regional planning and administrative command (1949–1978) (2) water resources management characterized by water withdrawal permits and initial attempts for integrated water resources management (1979–2001) (3) more established integrated management combining watershed management and regional water management and adopting growing market mechanisms for water resources allocation (2002–2016) and (4) since 2016, ecological civilization construction intended to strengthen the systematic, comprehensive management of rivers, lakes, and basins by implementing the River Chief system in the whole country. This paper presents an overview of the development and evolution of China’s water governance before and after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Over thousands of years, water governance in China has evolved from flood control, irrigation, and navigation to modern large-scale water supply, water pollution control, and ecological protection, with sustainable water resources management being the major challenge today. PDM Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.Water governance has been handled as a critical national issue in China since ancient times.
#Shan hai jing free#
This file has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Copyright may extend on works created by French who died for France in World War II ( more information), Russians who served in the Eastern Front of World War II (known as the Great Patriotic War in Russia) and posthumously rehabilitated victims of Soviet repressions ( more information). Côte d'Ivoire has a general copyright term of 99 years and Honduras has 75 years, but they do implement the rule of the shorter term. This image may not be in the public domain in these countries, which moreover do not implement the rule of the shorter term.
You must also include a United States public domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public domain in the United States. Note that a few countries have copyright terms longer than 70 years: Mexico has 100 years, Jamaica has 95 years, Colombia has 80 years, and Guatemala and Samoa have 75 years.
#Shan hai jing plus#
This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or fewer.
0 kommentar(er)
